Comparative Analysis for Requirement Classification Using Transformer based Pre-trained Models for Digital Governance RFPs

Abstract

Digital Governance deals with vast data. One of the domains in digital governance is tendering, which uses multiple documents, including a Request for Proposal (RFP). These documents contain extensive information, particularly detailing the project's expected requirements. For these RFP documents, the identification and classification of requirements are essential. One of the existing datasets under the software engineering domain is the PROMISE dataset for software requirements; this work takes inspiration from the PROMISE dataset and curates a dataset for digital governance software development-related RFP documents. The curated domain-specific dataset for text classification uses a pre-trained language model to classify functional and non-functional requirements. Experiments were performed to compare the Transformer's model performance with the baseline dataset, the curated DigiGov RFP dataset, and the concatenated PROMISE + DigiGov RFP datasets. The model's statistical performance across the datasets is assessed using an ANOVA test. The work focuses on automating RFP document statement classification using transformer-based pre-trained models through transfer learning, increasing productivity and accuracy in the field of digital governance. The research shows that using state-of-the-art techniques for RFP documents can effectively enhance the quality of the bidding process. This technique can bring automation to requirement analysis in the bidding process, strengthening the digital governance process.

Author Biographies

Manisha Tiwari, MPSTME,NMIMS

Assistant Professor, MPSTME,NMIMS

Shagun Srivastava, MPSTME,NMIMS

Assistant Professor, MPSTME, NMIMS

References

Hanisch, M., Goldsby, C.M., Fabian, N.E., Oehmichen, J.: Digital governance: A conceptual framework and research agenda. Journal of Business Research 162, 113777 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2023.113777

Paech, B., Heinrich-Robert, Zorn-Pauli, G., Jung, A., Tadjiky, a.: In: Regnell, B.,

Damian, D. (eds.) Answering a Request for Proposal – Challenges and Proposed Solutions. Springer

Rajbhoj, A., Nistala, P., Kulkarni, V., Ganesan, G.: A rfp system for generating response to a request for proposal. In: Proceedings of the 12th Innovations in Software Engineering Conference (Formerly Known as India Software Engineering Conference). ISEC '19. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2019).https://doi.org/10.1145/3299771.3299779

Rajbhoj, A., Nistala, P., Batra, P., Kulkarni, V.: Ai-enabled project initiation:

An approach based on rfp response document. In: Proceedings of the 15th Innovations in Software Engineering Conference. ISEC '22. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2022). https://doi.org/10.1145/3511430. 3511450 .

Knuth,D.:Knuth:Computers and Typesetting.

https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/public-sector/our-insights/transforming-government-through-digitization

Saha, B.K., Haab, L., Tandur, D.: A natural language understanding approach toward extraction of specifications from request for proposals. In: International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Information and Communication, ICAIIC 2023, Bali, Indonesia, February 20-23, 2023, pp. 205– 210. IEEE,(2023). https://doi.org/10.1109/ICAIIC57133.2023.10067032 .

Winkler, J., Vogelsang, A.: Automatic classification of requirements based on convolutional neural networks. In: 2016 IEEE 24th International Requirements Engineering Conference Workshops (REW), pp. 39–45 (2016). https://doi.org/ 10.1109/REW.2016.021

Navarro-Almanza, R., Juarez-Ramirez, R., Licea, G.: Towards supporting software engineering using deep learning: A case of software requirements classification. In: 2017 5th International Conference in Software Engineering Research and Innovation (CONISOFT), pp. 116–120 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1109/ CONISOFT.2017.00021

Hey, T., Keim, J., Koziolek, A., Tichy, W.F.: Norbert: Transfer learning for requirements classification. In: 2020 IEEE 28th International Requirements Engineering Conference (RE), pp. 169–179 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1109/RE48521.2020.00028

Sainani, A., Anish, P.R., Joshi, V., Ghaisas, S.: Extracting and classifying requirements from software engineering contracts. In: 2020 IEEE 28th International Requirements Engineering Conference (RE), pp. 147–157 (2020). https: //doi.org/10.1109/RE48521.2020.00026

Tiun, S., Mokhtar, U.A., Bakar, S.H., Saad, S.: Classification of functional and non-functional requirement in software requirement using word2vec and fast text. Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1529(4), 042077 (2020) https://doi.org/10. 1088/1742-6596/1529/4/042077

Luo, X., Xue, Y., Xing, Z., Sun, J.: Prcbert: Prompt learning for requirement classification using bert-based pretrained language models. In: Proceedings of the 37th IEEE/ACM International Conference on Automated Software Engineering. ASE '22. Association for Computing Machinery, New York, NY, USA (2023). https://doi.org/10.1145/3551349.3560417 . https://doi.org/10.1145/3551349.3560417

Kaur, K., Kaur, P.: Improving bert model for requirements classification by bidirectional lstm-cnn deep model. Computers and Electrical Engineering 108, 108699 (2023) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compeleceng.2023.108699

Kaur, K., Kaur, P.: Mnor-bert: multi-label classification of non-functional requirements using bert. Neural Comput. Appl. 35(30), 22487–22509 (2023) https: //doi.org/10.1007/s00521-023-08833-1

Sonawane, P. S.N.: Classification of functional and non-functional requirements based on convolutional neural network with flower pollination optimiser. Innovations in Systems and Software Engineering (2024) https://doi.org/10.1007/ s11334-024-00592-z

Garc´ıa, F.-y.-F.C.A..P.E.G. S.E.: Classification of non-functional requirements using convolutional neural networks. Innovations in Systems and Software Engineering Program Comput Soft 49 705–711 (2023). (2023) https://doi.org/ 10.1007/s11334-024-00592-z

Saqib, M.M.J.M.S.e.a. M.: Deep-transfer learning inspired natural language processing system for software requirements classification. knowl inf syst (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10115-024-02248-7. Knowledge and Information Systems (2024) https://doi.org/10.1007/s10115-024-02248-7

W'ojcicki, B., Dabrowski, R.: Applying machine learning to software fault prediction. e-Informatica Software Engineering Journal 12(1), 199–216 (2018)

Devlin, J., Chang, M., Lee, K., Toutanova, K.: BERT: pre-training of deep bidirectional transformers for language understanding. CoRR abs/1810.04805 (2018) 1810.04805

Liu, Y., Ott, M., Goyal, N., Du, J., Joshi, M., Chen, D., Levy, O., Lewis, M., Zettlemoyer, L., Stoyanov, V.: RoBERTa: A Robustly Optimised BERT Pretraining Approach (2019). https://arxiv.org/abs/1907.11692

huggingface: huggingface.co. https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/en/ model doc/roberta. Accessed: 2025-01-25 (2025)

medium: medium. https://medium.com/huggingface/distilbert-8cf3380435b5. Accessed: 2025-01-25 (2025)

Sanh, V., Debut, L., Chaumond, J., Wolf, T.: Distilbert, a distilled version of BERT: smaller, faster, cheaper and lighter. CoRR abs/1910.01108 (2019) 1910.01108

huggingface: huggingface. https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/en/model doc/distilbert. Accessed: 2025-01-25 (2025)

Yang, Z., Dai, Z., Yang, Y., Carbonell, J.G., Salakhutdinov, R., Le, Q.V.: Xlnet: Generalised autoregressive pretraining for language understanding. CoRR abs/1906.08237 (2019) 1906.08237

huggingface: huggingface. https://huggingface.co/docs/transformers/en/model doc/xlnet. Accessed: 2025-01-25 (2

Authors

  • Manisha Tiwari MPSTME,NMIMS
  • Shagun Srivastava MPSTME,NMIMS
  • Padmaja Joshi CDAC, Mumbai

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.31449/inf.v50i13.9522

Downloads

Published

05/18/2026

How to Cite

Tiwari, M., Srivastava, S., & Joshi, P. (2026). Comparative Analysis for Requirement Classification Using Transformer based Pre-trained Models for Digital Governance RFPs. Informatica, 50(13). https://doi.org/10.31449/inf.v50i13.9522